Synthesis of Adipic Acid Essay example - 1667 Words

Experiment 8: Synthesis of Adipic Acid Performed November 8th amp; 10th By Jennifer Seitz Organic Chemistry 344 Section 803 Fall 2011 Objective: The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize adipic acid from cyclohexanol via an oxidation reaction that was catalyzed by sulfuric acid. Purity of the product was assessed by measuring the melting point. Physical Properties/Structures: Name | Formula | Molecular Weight (g/mol) | Boiling Point (0C) | Melting Point(0C) | Density(g/mL) | Hazards | Sodium Dichromate Dihydrate | Na2Cr2O7 . 2H2O | 297.98 | 400.0 | 357.0 | 2.35 | -Eye/skin irritant-Affects Respiratory System | Water | H2O | 18.02 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 1.00 | N/A | Sulfuric Acid (98%) | H2SO4 | 98.08 | 337.0 |†¦show more content†¦The oxidation reaction between cyclohexanol and sulfuric acid was successful in that it did in fact yield the adipic acid product but unsuccessful in the amount that was yielded, with a percent yield of only 35.0%. This yield may have been low due to both experimental and technical errors. One of the major causes of the low yield most likely had to do with the fact that the temperature went below 55.00C and above 65.00C during certain points of the reaction. When the reaction temperature goes above 65.00C, it causes the yield of adipic acid to be lower due to further oxidation. When the reaction temperature goes below 55. 00C, it causes the yield of adipic acid to be lower due to the fact that the amount of energy is not high enough to activate oxidation of the reaction. Some of the product also most likely was lost during both the crystallization and recrystallization process. Since adipic acid is somewhat water soluble, some of the product most likely moved with the water that was used to rinse it through the filter out of the Buchner funnel during vacuum filtration. This error could have been reduced had theShow MoreRelatedSynthesis And Recrystallization Of Adipic Acid1366 Words   |  6 PagesExperiment 1: Synthesis and Recrystallization of Adipic Acid Aim The current experiment sought to prepare 1,6-hexanedioic acid (adipic acid) by catalytic oxidation of cyclohexene in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst (Aliquat 336), using sodium tungstate as a catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Introduction The carbon-carbon double bond of alkenes represents a site that has a high electron intensity. This site is susceptible to oxidation. Depending on the conditions or reagents usedRead MoreOxidation of Cyclohexanone to Adipic Acid Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesApril Goodson CHEM 242L-002 February 20, 2013 Oxidation of Cyclohexanone to Adipic Acid Abstract The cyclic ketone cyclohexanone was oxidized to adipic acid using the oxidizing agent nitric acid. The experiment yielded 0.2667 grams of adipic acid, giving a percent yield of 113.97%. Although the product was allowed to dry for one week, residual moisture was still present in the sample and a melting point could not be obtained. This error in the experiment either resulted from adding too muchRead MoreThe Effect Of Glucose On The Formation Of Furanoid Diacetonide894 Words   |  4 Pagesmaterial for the commercial production of glucose via enzymatic hydrolysis (de Wit et al. 1993). Glucose is the primary component for the manufacture of alkyl polyglucosides, D-glucitol, gluconic acid, and high fructose corn syrup; in fact, D-glucose can undergo a fermentation process to produce L-ascorbic acid, from D-glucitol, as well as polyesters, polyurethanes, and alkyd and melamine resins. Moreover, D-glucose can form pyranoid, furnaoid, and acyclic tautomers (Lichtenthaler and Peters 2004 ).Read MoreAdipic Acid43555 Words   |  175 PagesINTRODUCTION 1. HISTORY AND GENERAL INFORMATION ON ADIPIC ACID 1. History on The Production Adipic acid is an important organic chemical raw material. In China, it is used as raw material in the production of Nylon 6/6 salt, polyurethane, plasticizers, high-grade lubricants and food additives. With the rapid growth of development, the application of adipic acid keeps expanding. The production of adipic acid is controlled in the hands of multinationals. An American chemicalRead MoreBenzene : Chemical Toxic Chemical With The Chemical Formula Of C6 H61245 Words   |  5 PagesFahrenheit. It has a sweet petrol like odour and is highly flammable. The hydrocarbon is derived from benzoic acid and is therefore named benzene. Michael Faraday an English scientist, famous for his work with electronic fields, first isolated and identified benzene in 1825 from the oily residue derived from the production of illuminating gas. In 1834 Eilhardt Mitscherlich heated benzoic acid with lime and produced benzene. In 1845 A von Hofmann isolated benzene from coal tar. Benzene dissolves on lyRead MorePreparation of Cyclohexanol2173 Words   |  9 Pagesthe production of caprolactam and adipic acid that is a raw material of nylon 6 (Zhang, et al, 2002). Cyclohexanol can be produce through several methods, which include the oxidation of cyclohexane, the hydration of cyclohexene, or the hydrogenation of phenol (Zhang, et al, 2002). Problem with oxidation of cyclohexene is poor selectivity, extremely large recycles and explosion hazards. (Suresh, Sridhar, Potter, 1988). The purpose of this experiment was to synthesis cyclohexanol by hydration of cyclohexene

Iran-Iraq War Essay - 1610 Words

Iran-Iraq War The eight year Iran-Iraq War was, by the standards of international conflicts, a very long one. It lasted longer than both World War I and World War II. In this conflict, the two most powerful states in the Persian Gulf, Iran and Iraq, who were the world’s largest producers of petroleum, were locked in mortal combat and appeared intent on destroying each other. The war began when Iraq invaded Iran, simultaneously launching an invasion by air and land into Iranian territory on September 1980 and ended with a United Nations brokered ceasefire in 1988. The causes of the war are deeply rooted in the ideology and ambitions of the leaders of the countries to gain and maintain control over internal and regional politics, as well†¦show more content†¦Moreover, what had formerly been the Imperial Iranian military was greatly despoiled, with much of the officer corps fleeing the Islamic Revolution. Also radical Marxists were still battling the religious fundamentalists in part of the country. Because of all of the above factors, Iraq had a uniquely promising chance to strike a devastating blow at its eastern neighbor, establishing Saddam as the pre-eminent leader in the Persian Gulf region and perhaps so discrediting the new Iranian government as to bring about its ultimate downfall. Saddam also wanted to put an end to religious propaganda directed against Iraqs secular regime by the Islamic government of Iran, which had come to power in 1979 under Khomeini. Khomeini, and during the Iranian Revolution, and most Iranian Muslims belonged to the Shiite sect of Islam. Hussein feared that the propaganda would undermine the loyalty of Iraqi Shiites, who comprised about 60 percent of his countrys population. On March 1980, Saddam received a pretext to engage in war when an assassination attempt was made on Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz, by Iranian-backed rebel group Al Dawaa, followed by the bombing on the funeral procession. Saddam blamed the Irani ans and attacked in September. Before declaring war Saddam, in a statement addressed to the Iraqi parliament, on 17 September, stated that TheShow MoreRelatedThe Outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War, An Outline826 Words   |  3 PagesIn the fall of 1980, one of the largest and most destructive conflicts to occur since the end of the second world war started between the states of Iran and Iraq. Lasting eight years, the war left approximately 1.5 million dead and around a million casualties with thousands of refugees fleeing both nations. †¢ Cost up to $1,000,000,000 monthly †¢ Total cost to date may exceed $300,000,000,000 †¢ (Swearingen, 1988) Using three levels of analysis - the individual, domestic and systemic - theRead Moreiran iraq war causes and consequences2030 Words   |  9 Pages Iran-Iraq conflict causes and consequences (1980-88) INTRODUCTION : This conflict began when Iraq invaded iran in 1980 followed by border disputes and Irq’s desire to become dominant Persian Gulf state and the Iranian revolution at that time .but they couldn’t get the control they only occupied some portion of iran and then repelled by iran .Despite calls for a ceasefire by the United Nations Security Council, hostilities continued until 20 August 1988. The war finally ended with ResolutionRead MoreThe Iraq And Iran War1499 Words   |  6 Pages The Iraq and Iran war in 1980 through 1988 started on September 22, 1980, which resulted in an 8 year war, 500,000 casualties, $600 billion debt accumulated, and many more factors. The Iraq and Iran war strained Iraq’s political, and social life. Also put Iraq’s economy into severe conditions. The 1980, 8 year war between Iraq and Iran was fueled by many factors including border disputes (geographical and economical), and Iraq’s new dictator Saddam Hussein (political). Saddam Hussein feared thatRead More Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Essay653 Words   |  3 Pages Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Hypothesis Probably the most logical explanation is that there has been a conflict that is decades old, that comes from, religious differences to territorial and power ambitions. This war is a war that is not going to stop until both countries solve their internal affairs, because the historical background that this two countries have is not an easy one. I think that the only way to fully achieve peace between these two countries is, for them to come to an agreement regardingRead MoreThe War Between Iraq And Iran1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe war between Iraq and Iran initiated by Iraq dictator Saddam Hussein in September 1980 provided no gains or benefits to either country, at the end of the war in July of 1988 after 8 long years. At the conclusion of many wars throughout history, at least one party resulted in gaining territory, wealth, power, and other profits. However, in reality it is understood that no one ever wins in war due to the adverse affects among innocent humanity; exemplified by the Iraq-Iran war. The initial conflictRead MoreThe Iraq Iran War And State Security1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe Iraq-Iran War and State Security With Iraq initiating the conflict, with its declaration of war on September 22, 1980 and the subsequent invasion of the Khuzestan province, they will be treated as the aggressor. Therefore the theoretical framework will revolve predominantly around Iraq. With this Posen’s components of the security dilemma will be used as the building blocks for state security’s explanation of the conflict, beginning with the indistinguishability of offense and defense. As previouslyRead MoreThe Iran Iraq War1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe Iran-Iraq lasted from September 1980 to August 1998, which made it the longest conventional war of the 20th century. The consequence of the war cost billions of dollars and millions of lives. The result of the war, although stalemate would be a critical factor that would shape the future of the Middle East. The historical deep-rooted hostile relationship that emanated from the ethnic Arab-Persian and religious Sunni- Shi’ite tensions between the two neighbouring countries contributed to the conditionsRead MoreIraq War Between Iran And Iraq1405 Words   |  6 PagesWhile both Iran and Iraq, the two most powerful states in the Persian Gulf, had boarder disputes dating back to 1501, Iraq has always had a long history of conflicts with its neighboring countries but none more conspicuously than Iran. Historians believe that the forty battles of the Iran- Iraq war were fought because of territorial and governmen t disputes. After eight long years, the Iran- Iraq war was adequately more than people had every imagined it to be. The bitter war devastated both countriesRead MoreThe Iran Iraq War Necessary1118 Words   |  5 Pagesheaded Iran’s way, from its neighboring Middle Eastern country Iraq. This war between the two bordering countries was nothing less than a deadly fight that did not benefit either side more than the other. Costing hundreds of thousands of lives and damages that to this day never be fixed. The question asked by many people still remains the same; was the Iran-Iraq war necessary? The war was arguably the longest and most conventional war in the twentieth century. Before shots were ever fired the twoRead More The Iran-Iraq War Essay3022 Words   |  13 PagesThe Iran-Iraq War While the Iran-Iraq War during the 1980s may have permanently altered the course of progress in Iran and Iraq, the war also altered the resulting permanent involvement of the rest of the world in the middle-east. The rich and complicated history in Iraq has established numerous cultural and ethnic traditions that all play a part in where the country is today. The Iran-Iraq War brought into focus some of those traditions and how they conflicted, while also bringing Iraq and

Managing Church Conflict Free Essays

Managing Church Conflict Conflict within Churches continues to be a problem (Tony Cartledge 2001), and it shows little sign of abating. In fact, the opposite could be much closer to the truth. Perhaps this is why so many in the ministry turn to the writings of Hugh Halverstgadt (2002), a ministry professor from Chicago. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Church Conflict or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the introduction to his book â€Å"Managing Church Conflicts†, Halverstgadt analyzes the personal and congregational reasons that provide the root causes, which can lead from minor disagreements to outright conflict. His book develops the theme that, as in many areas of life, to sensibly address these problems, ministries and churches globally need to institute a system of conflict management. Leading the reader through a step-by-step conflict management strategy, covering a wide range of typical scenarios, Halverstgadt leads us to his image of peace in churches based upon the notion of Shalom, which promotes the â€Å"right harmonious relationships to other human beings,† (Nicholas Wolterstorff, 1983).   The real question is whether the views held, and the solutions that Halverstgadt promotes to resolve conflict, address the situation. Halverstgadt’s preface asks the question â€Å"can Church conflict be Christian?† and argues that where it degenerates into a â€Å"dirty fighting† scenario, which is not uncommon, this is perhaps not the case. To address this he suggests that ways of turning such disputes into a â€Å"fair† Christian fight need to be found. However, he accepts that there is no need for the Church to fear conflict, provided it is engaged in a manner of fairness. He provides an insight into the reasons conflicts, identifying that essentially the foundation for all conflict is power and that power turns to conflict once its balance is disturbed. Such disturbances can one sector seeks to promote its power in a way that other may perceive would result in a weakening, and therefore limiting or reducing, the power that they think they should enjoy. As, in the case of the Church, most conflicts are deemed centered round power battles within the congregation itself, the book promotes the theory that it falls to the pastor or minister to take on the mantle of conflict manager. It suggests that to successfully take on and execute the role, the manager will needs to reassess their own ideas and beliefs in terms of conflict and their reactions to a situation that arises. In effect, Halverstgadt is looking to the conflict managers to retrain themselves into this new role so that their approach will lead to a solution to the issue that will be acceptable to all of the parties concerned. He acknowledges that the force nature of such a role may be alien to the person, but counsels that as long as they approach it from a position of self-worth, a knowledge that one is a loved member of God’s and the communities family, others will respond positively to them. Part two of â€Å"Managing Church Conflicts† concentrates on the understanding of the issues that have given rise to the conflict, and analyzing these issues and the parties involved into their component parts. One of the first steps advocated is to set rules for the discussion of the conflict, which may mean reorganizing the current ways that existing systems of debates within the Church and its congregation are managed. Often, in conflict situations, both the root causes and indeed the participants in the dispute are not easily identifiable. Therefore, the book suggests that there is a need for the conflict manager to move between the disputing parties and draw them together in conversation that is open and productive. One of the first, and most important, steps in this process includes ensuring that the disagreements move from a â€Å"dirty fighting† stance, which is characterized by its personal direction and content, to an open discussion based upon the foundation of Christian ethics. Haverstadt suggests that it is only once all of these issues have been addressed that the ministry or pastor can move onto the next step, which is the task of managing the conflict and bringing about a resolution that is just, fair and brings about unity once again. Haverstadt further recognizes that managing a conflict situation is no easy task, even for the most experienced conflict manager, and that is has certain limitations. Therefore, in the second part of his book, he sets out a straightforward systematic process for the church mediator to follow.   How they can avoid damaging exchanges between the parties, partially by using the interpretations of faith on the issues, and seeking calmer methods of controlling the discussions. He further discusses ways in which this process should not be limited to just the main protagonists as this could bring about the arising of new conflicts, but include the Church community, so that everyone understands where the process is heading. Furthermore, recognizing that there are issues within the individuals involved that might be better served in private, he suggests that the using of a mentor, or coach, may be beneficial. This gives the individuals the opportunity to discuss those feelings on a personal basis, and to receive comfort and counseling from those appointed to assist them. The desire is that this will lead to a situation where parties can put forward the basis of their strategies and arguments in a positive and clearly defined manner. In the relative calmness of discussion that these moves are hoped to produce, Haverstadt’s book then attempts to deal with the subject of resolution itself, outlining the strengths and weakness of the possibility of trying to reunite the differences or achieving a negotiated settlement acceptable to all. The whole focus or aim of the procedures that Haverstadt’s book promotes is the perception that, by following the guidelines outlined, a position of shalom will be reached. Shalom, in the biblical understanding of the term, a vision which emphasizes the notion of a united, just community bound in pleasant relationships. Although this may seem to exclude discord and diverse viewpoints, as Haverstadt explains, this is not the case. Diversity in the vision of shalom is realized and accepted within an enthusiastic wish to maintain and restore relationships with others using the one abiding link between the congregation, namely their belief in God and the trilogy. Differences in this situation become part of the core strength of the community, rather than the influence that tears the community apart. Result To the extent that the focus of Halverstgadt’s interpretation that the causes of Church conflict are produced by a clashing of power bases, there is little evidence to argue against his findings. If one looks at the development of the Christian Church over the centuries since it’s birth with the death of Christ, the power theory is evidently supported. From a that one focus, Christianity, one has seen it develop into a multi-faceted structure, with the only link, and that somewhat precarious, being the core belief in the trilogy. Catholic, Anglican, Baptist and Methodist, amongst a host of Churches, ostensibly promote the same message, all offering the same vision for the salvation of the human being. Yet, when reflecting about each other, the divisions are obvious, sometimes almost vitriolic in their expression. Historically, it is clearly demonstrated that these divisions resulted from a conflict of power. A typical example is the way in which the King of England separated the Anglican Church from the Church of Rome. Halverstgadt’s promotion of the use of conflict management in an effort to resolve Church conflicts, by providing a calm and common sense vehicle through which issues can be identified and resolved is laudable. Such systems have been used as an integral part of human resource management in business for a number of years, often with much success. However, like all strategies, it has its limitations. Successful conflict management in a community relies upon all the protagonists having the same goals. Business is possibly unique, in that all involved have a tangible focus for conflict management, the business itself. The difference with Church conflicts is that although much of the dispute is about power, it also rests in emotions and non-tangible ideas and beliefs. For example, some of the congregation would promote the idea that the Church should accumulate wealth, so that it can promote its message from a position of strength, others promote the idea that strength of message is better served and more honest from a position of meekness. Conclusion My opinion of this book is that it will serve as a good foundation for dealing with Church conflicts in a number of instances, the main areas to benefit from this good will be concentrated on a parochial basis. At the level where major conflicts occur, as identified in the example of conflict between King of England and the Church of Rome, the power driven differences are too embedded within the psyche of the dominators of the various factions for mediation to be truly successful. In addition, whilst the vision of Shalom is a worthy target for all communities, particularly in Churches, such is the nature of the Human Being that it is unlikely the culmination of this vision will come to fruition. My conclusion therefore is that, whilst the book provides valuable direction from which the Church, its concentration and examples are too localized to make a significant impact upon the area where it is needed most, namely the hierarchy of the various religious sects themselves. References Halverstgadt, Hugh. F. (1992). Managing Church Conflict. Westminster/John Knox Press. U.S. Cartledge, Tony. W.   ed. (2001). Church conflict a common problem. Biblical Recorder. North Carolina. U.S.A. Wolterstorff, Nicholas (1983). Until Justice and Peace Embrace Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. p 70.                How to cite Managing Church Conflict, Essay examples

Professional Nursing Thinking in Nursing Education

Question: Discuss about the Professional Nursing for Thinking in Nursing Education. Answer: The profession of nursing in todays rapidly changing environment of healthcare is progressively becoming aware regarding the need to evaluate and enhance its practice and consider the social, structural and political issues that affects it. Since the change is taking place constantly, it is important for the nurses to possess the ability of analyzing and responding to the new and diverse challenges proactively. Critical reflection ensures quality patient care. This essay will discuss the importance and benefits of critical reflection for the nurses and patients, how the nurses obtain their research sources and role of critical reflection that assist in nursing practices. In nursing practices, reflection is an important activity in which the nurses recapture their experiences, thinks about them, ponder and evaluate them (Moon, 2013). They learn through critical reflection by placing themselves into the experiences and explore personal as well as theoretical knowledge for understanding the experiences and view them in different ways. Critical reflection enables them to avoid their past mistakes and maximize the opportunities for gaining knowledge. Critical reflection is necessary for nurses as well as patients because critical reflective nurses think critically regarding their practice (Bulman, Lathlean Gobbi, 2012). It assists the nurses to meet the challenges that are associated with providing care to the patients in a rapidly changing environment. It also helps them to become critically reflective practitioners. The description of their practices provides them a basis by means of which they can questions regarding their nursing practices. The proce ss of reflection can be enhanced if the nurses take a critical approach of their own reflection. Critical reflection is assisted by critical thinking. A critical approach concerns questioning their own practice, it gets enhanced if the nurses take a critical approach to their reflection as it involves a broader perspective (Price Harrington, 2015). The nurses face challenges in finding and using reliable and credible information for supporting clinical decision-making and meeting the expectations for evidence-based practices of nursing. For the nursing professionals, most of the needed information can be obtained by using 5 kinds of sources: journals, textbooks, online bibliographic databases, internet, and the products that consolidate research (Whitehead et al., 2013). A majority of the nurses retrieve and assess health-related study by means of the professional databases foe supporting evidence-based practices of nursing. They collect the data which is valuable and reliable (Yoder-Wise, 2014). They base their decisions of care on the best evidence-based practices from the peer-reviewed research literature. They use the internet, databases and search engines for finding clinical information (Chan, 2013). They also learn different new topics by referring the tutorial sites that are published by various reputable organizations and universities. It is important for them to evaluate the quality of information, which is found by them in a particular internet site. Mostly they consult their seniors or colleague regarding any information found by them and they apply the principles of evidence-based practice and critical appraisal. By employing these methods, they find the research sources (Siles-Gonzlez Solano-Ruiz, 2016). Critical reflection plays a significant role in assisting nurses to base their practice on evidence. Through critical reflection the nurses recollect their experiences. They examine their basic assumptions and thoroughly question the validity of assertions, opinions and even the fact of a specific case (Moon, 2013). It is essential for them in their nursing career. It leads to the generation of scientifically based ideas. It is a vital professional skill for the nurses. It assists them for rethinking the outmoded approaches to prevention of illness, health promotion, complications and healthcare. The ability of thinking critically utilizes reflection, analysis, induction, challenging assumptions, deduction and assessment of information and data to guide the decision-making process. Reflective practice is constantly required by the nurses for updating their professional skills. It offers them with considerable opportunities for reflecting on their ongoing development. They are able to identify their strengths and prospects for future growth and development. The profession of nursing depends on mutual support and the nurses should always have an aim of becoming self-directed, self-aware and should also remain in association with their environment. Critical reflection enables them to avoid their past mistakes and make best use of the opportunities for gaining knowledge (Munhall, 2012). In the end, it can be concluded that in the profession of nursing critical reflection plays a significant role in shaping the nurses personally as well as professionally. It assists them to meet the challenges that are associated with providing care to the patients in a rapidly changing environment. It is an important professional skill for the nurses. They learn through critical reflection by putting themselves into the experiences and exploring personal and theoretical knowledge for understanding the experiences and view them in different ways. The process of reflection can be improved if the nurses take a critical approach of their own reflection. I would like to narrate an event related to my nursing profession. I was given the responsibility to take care of an elderly patient in the geriatric ward. In the first week I properly took care of the patient but as time passed by I become frustrated and I was least concerned in taking care of the patient. Due to this his health conditions deteriorated and I was scolded by the nurse manager. After few days, I realized that it was my mistake that I did not took care of the patient in the same way as I was doing the first week. I felt bad and apologized to the patient and the nurse manager for this kind of attitude. This incident made me realize that being a nurse my first priority is to take care of the patients in every possible way. I repented for neglecting the patient because of my frustration towards him. After this incident I always try to keep my patients in best of their health and I always try to be friendly with them. In addition, I am taking help from my seniors and collea gues to take care of the patients in an efficient manner. Reflection Bulman, C., Lathlean, J., Gobbi, M. (2012). The concept of reflection in nursing: qualitative findings on student and teacher perspectives.Nurse education today,32(5), e8-e13. Chan, Z. C. (2013). A systematic review of critical thinking in nursing education.Nurse Education Today,33(3), 236-240. Moon, J. A. (2013).Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge. Munhall, P. L. (2012).Nursing research. Jones Bartlett Learning. Price, B., Harrington, A. (2015).Critical thinking and writing for nursing students. Learning Matters. Siles-Gonzlez, J., Solano-Ruiz, C. (2016). Self-assessment, reflection on practice and critical thinking in nursing students.Nurse Education Today,45, 132-137. Whitehead, B., Owen, P., Holmes, D., Beddingham, E., Simmons, M., Henshaw, L., ... Walker, C. (2013). Supporting newly qualified nurses in the UK: a systematic literature review.Nurse education today,33(4), 370-377. Yoder-Wise, P. S. (2014).Leading and managing in nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.